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Saturday, November 22, 2008

Parshat Toldot 5769

Parshat Toldot 5769

The Voice (and Hands) of Yaakov

© 2009 Rabbi Ari Kahn

The Voice of Esav
בראשית פרק כה
(כד) וַיִּמְלְאוּ יָמֶיהָ לָלֶדֶת וְהִנֵּה תוֹמִם בְּבִטְנָהּ:(כה) וַיֵּצֵא הָרִאשׁוֹן אַדְמוֹנִי כֻּלּוֹ כְּאַדֶּרֶת שֵׂעָר וַיִּקְרְאוּ שְׁמוֹ עֵשָׂו:(כו) וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יָצָא אָחִיו וְיָדוֹ אֹחֶזֶת בַּעֲקֵב עֵשָׂו וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יַעֲקֹב וְיִצְחָק בֶּן שִׁשִּׁים שָׁנָה בְּלֶדֶת אֹתָם:
24 And her days to bear are fulfilled, and lo, twins [are] in her womb; 25 and the first came out all red as a hairy robe, and they called him Esav; 26 And afterwards his brother came out, his hand taking hold of Esav's heel, and he called him Yaakov; and Yitzchak was sixty years old when they were born. (Bereishit 25:24-26)

Two children are born, twin boys, yet despite having the same parents, they seem so different from one another. Part of the difference is implied, some differences are explicitly mentioned, yet it may actually be their similarity which is being hidden. The first son born is described as “red and hairy.” There is no physical description offered of the second son. The text says only that Yaakov’s hand latched onto Esav’s heel. Was Yaakov also redheaded? From the later narrative we may conclude that Yaakov was in fact less hairy, but the lack of symmetry seems strange. The text continues:

בראשית פרק כה
(כז) וַיִּגְדְּלוּ הַנְּעָרִים וַיְהִי עֵשָׂו אִישׁ יֹדֵעַ צַיִד אִישׁ שָׂדֶה וְיַעֲקֹב אִישׁ תָּם יֹשֵׁב אֹהָלִים:
(כח) וַיֶּאֱהַב יִצְחָק אֶת עֵשָׂו כִּי צַיִד בְּפִיו וְרִבְקָה אֹהֶבֶת אֶת יַעֲקֹב:
27And the youths grew, and Esav became a man acquainted [with] hunting, a man of the field; and Yaakov [is] a plain man, inhabiting tents; 28 and Yitzchak loves Esav, for [his] hunting [is] in his mouth; and Rebekah loves Yaakov.

Again we note the lack of symmetry: Esav is a hunting man, while Yaakov is described as ish tam, which can be understood as a plain, simple, perfect or complete man. The verse continues: Esav was a man of the field while Yaakov inhabits tents – not a “man of the tents” as we would have expected. But the most serious lack of symmetry refers to the affection of their parents. Esav is loved for a reason, for utility – for he brings his father the hunt that he procures. Here the contrast is striking: Rivka (simply) loves Yaakov – no reason, no explanation, no utility.

How are we to understand Yitzchak’s love for Esav? Why would a spiritual giant like Yitzchak be swayed by venison? Rashi understands Esav’s hunting skills in a metaphorical sense, explaining that Esav possessed a gift of “hunting with words.” He would capture his victims with impressive banter. Rashi says that Yitzchak was taken by Esav’s feigned sincerity. Esav would ask his father questions that gave the impression that Esav, too, was steeped in spiritual and halachic inquiry. Rashi sees Esav the “hunter” as a sycophant, using his slick tongue to convince his father of his noble character.

רש"י על בראשית פרק כה פסוק כז
יודע ציד - לצוד ולרמות את אביו בפיו ושואלו אבא היאך מעשרין את המלח ואת התבן כסבור אביו שהוא מדקדק במצות:
He “hunted”, and deceived his father. He asked, “Father, how does one take tithes from salt or straw?” His father believed that he (Esav) was scrupulous in his performance of commandments. (Rashi Bereishit 25:27)

There are two types of deceitful people. The first has a fairly accurate sense of self, and fools others by not allowing them to see his true identity. The second type may be much more dangerous, for he deceives not only others, he deceives himself. Which was Esav? The Midrash gives us a deeper acquaintance with Esav, by relating the events of his demise and his bizarre “burial”. When Yaakov passed away, his children fulfilled his instructions and took his remains out of Egypt, back to the Land of Israel, to the Cave of Machepela, where Avraham and Sarah, Yitzchak and Rivka, and Leah were all been buried. At the entrance to the cave they were accosted by Esav, who insisted that the Ma’arat HaMachpela is his burial ground, inherited by his right as the eldest son. A member of the funeral party is sent to bring the deed of sale in hopes of clarifying the issue. Meanwhile, one of Yaakov’s grandchildren, Chushim[1] the son of Dan, takes sword in hand, and with a mighty blow separates Esav from his head. The head rolls away, coming to a stop inside the cave, where it lands in the bosom of Yitzchak who tightly holds onto the head of his beloved son.[2]

Esav’s head did have a place in the cave, it was his hands that could not quite make it inside. This would seem to indicate that Esav’s words were sincere, but he failed miserably in the implementation of his words. Tragically, he was a man unable to live up to his own ideals. When he asked his father about tithes, he meant it. Presumably, Yitzchak was capable of spotting insincerity. His suspicions were not aroused because Esav was, in fact, quite sincere.

The Voice of Yaakov
There is, nonetheless, an aspect of deceit in the story of Yaakov and Esav – but the deceit is not perpetrated by Esav. The deception is in the hands of Yaakov, carried out at the request of his mother Rivka. When Yaakov stands before his dying father and receives the blessing Yitzchak intended for Esav, he dresses as Esav. He enters with the food that his father had requested of Esav, and when asked how he accomplished so much so quickly, Yaakov answers:
ספר בראשית פרק כז
(כ) וַיֹּאמֶר יִצְחָק אֶל בְּנוֹ מַה זֶּה מִהַרְתָּ לִמְצֹא בְּנִי וַיֹּאמֶר כִּי הִקְרָה ה’ אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְפָנָי: (כא) וַיֹּאמֶר יִצְחָק אֶל יַעֲקֹב גְּשָׁה נָּא וַאֲמֻשְׁךָ בְּנִי הַאַתָּה זֶה בְּנִי עֵשָׂו אִם לֹא: (כב) וַיִּגַּשׁ יַעֲקֹב אֶל יִצְחָק אָבִיו וַיְמֻשֵּׁהוּ וַיֹּאמֶר הַקֹּל קוֹל יַעֲקֹב וְהַיָּדַיִם יְדֵי עֵשָׂו:
20And Yitzchak said to his son, `What [is] this you have hastened to find, my son?' and he said, `That which God thy Lord hath caused to come before me.' 21And Yitzchak said to Yaakov, `Come nigh, I pray thee, and I will feel you, my son, whether you [are] he, my son Esav, or not.' 22And Yaakov came to Yitzchak his father, and he felt him, and said, `The voice [is] the voice of Yaakov, and the hands are the hands of Esav.'

In what way are these the words of Yaakov? Is it the mode of speaking, the inflection of his voice, or is it the content? Rashi[3] believes it is the content: Giving God credit for having found his prey quickly would have been more characteristic of Yaakov. The Ramban[4] reminds us that as twin brothers[5], their voices may have been more similar than we might care to imagine. There is, however, an oddity in Yitchak’s behavior, for if he was truly troubled about the identity of the recipient of his blessing, when faced with conflicting evidence, he should have stopped until more conclusive information could be gathered.[6]

The Hands of Yaakov
Perhaps to understand the underlying issue we need to learn more about the hands of Yaakov. When we first meet Yaakov, long before he finds his voice, we see him using his hands: “And afterwards his brother came out, his hand taking hold of Esav's heel.” Perhaps this in utero scene foreshadows a later episode where again Yaakov uses his hands to wrestle a “man”[7] identified as the heavenly protector of Esav[8]. Ironically, this Sar shel Esav begs Yaakov to release him, for the time has come for him to use his voice – to pray[9]. Here, then, is the paradigm, reversed: the hands of Yaakov and the voice of Esav! We may say that the voice of Yaakov and the hands of Esav have been established as theological concepts: the former represents prayer and Torah while the latter represent tyranny and idolatry – rebellion against God[10]. To our dismay, the Biblical text does not conveniently align itself into these neat categories. In some instances, as we have seen, Yaakov uses his hands and the spiritual power of Esav’s voice is revealed.

Let us examine these symbols more closely: Whereas the voice is an expression of something internal, hands are external. Hands are a symbol of force. The strength they represent is part of the commonalty that man shares with the animal kingdom, but the voice is ruach - air or spirit, emanating from within. Voice is what man has in common with God. It is the result of God’s breath within us, which animates, gives existence and human identity.[11] That the realm of Yaakov is primarily one of “voice” should not surprise us. That the realm of Esav is primarily “hands” should also not surprise us.[12]

From birth we see Esav as being more externally oriented. He is born covered with hair and he looks “complete”, almost grown. He is therefore called “Esav”, from the word asui – formed, “done”. Of course even a completely formed infant has much emotional, physical and spiritual growth ahead of them.

Esav’s outer - directed qualities may explain an obscure Midrash[13] which says that of the non-kosher animals Esav resembles the pig: The pig[14] has split hooves, so outwardly it looks kosher. Only when you look internally and see that it doesn’t chew its cud do you realize that despite outward appearances it is a non-kosher animal.[15]

When Esav and Yaakov are alone, Esav lets his guard down, showing his internal makeup. When he comes in from the field famished and asks to be fed, the precise word that he uses is instructive: Haliteni “pour into my mouth”[16]. Rashi explains that this verb is used to describe the feeding of a camel[17]. Like the pig, camels also possess only one of the two kosher symbols[18] (camels ruminate but do not have split hooves). Esav’s self - definition is that deep inside he is good – even though externally he makes mistakes.

Despite the identification of Esav with Rome and later Christendom, in Rabbinic literature Esav is seen as a Jew - a sinful, rebellious Jew, but a Jew nonetheless.[19] He is portrayed as a person born into the best of families, who made his choices and eventually left the fold. Mystical writers draw a parallel to another character from Jewish history, a unique soul who makes the opposite journey, coming from a modest background and rising to the spiritual aristocracy of Judaism.

His name was Akiva. We are told that he didn’t have ancestral merit “zchut avot”[20] – either he or his father converted to Judaism. The Arizal[21] asserts that when Esav spoke to his father, it was Akiva’s voice that Yitzchak heard: Deep within the recesses of Esav’s soul was a Rabbi Akiva trying to get out. The name Akiva is a variant form of the name Yaakov. Similarly, this is the aspect of Yaakov within Esav, the voice of Yaakov within Esav struggling to express itself.

Like Yaakov, Rabbi Akiva is impoverished. After having great difficulty with his father in-law, he marries a woman named Rachel, and her father disinherits them.[22] The Gemara describes the scene with great tenderness: Destitute, they have nothing but the straw on which they sleep. Akiva lovingly picks a piece of straw from Rachel’s hair and says that one day he will buy her a beautiful piece of jewelry – Jerusalem of Gold. Just then, a poor man comes to the door and says he needs straw for his wife who has just given birth. Akiva and Rachel then share their one and only possession. They give Tzedaka - charity. Rabbi Akiva gives tithes even from straw, providing an answer to the cynical question Esav posed to deceive his doting father. In fact, Esav’s question was actually Akiva’s question, or Akiva’s confirmation that acts of charity are always possible, regardless of financial status or social station.[23]

Uniting Voice and Hands
When Esav comes in from the field, hungry and tired, he approaches Yaakov and offers to trade responsibilities. Esav is willing to sell the birthright for bowl of porridge. This is not a case of someone bartering something which they regard as valueless; on the contrary, a strong emotional response is evoked: “Esav disdains the birthright”. (Bereishit 25:34)

But what did the birthright mean to him? What were the privileges? What were the responsibilities? Why did he shirk this responsibility? There was not yet any religious or ritual distinction for the first born, no Beit Hamikdash or requirement of service. There is only one thing that Esav would have been aware of: the covenant God made with Avraham. Avraham’s descendents are chosen, to be blessed above all others. But with these great blessings comes an extended period of slavery, namely the 400 years of subjugation to be endured before the blessings come to fruition. The path to Mount Sinai travels through Egypt, and the long detour will bring with it blood, sweat and tears - and a lot of hard work. That is what intimidated Esav. The man of great physical strength is out of his depth, subdued. He may well use his hands, but he does not relish hard work. Esav would not willingly submit to subjugation, would not willingly accept a role of weakness. But Yaakov’s children are ready and willing to do so. They go into exile. They accept their own enslavement. The hard work does not intimidate them, and they are released when they find their voices and scream to God in prayer.

Eventually, when the Jews leave Egypt and approach Mount Sinai, they are accosted by Amalek, the descendants of Esav, who are unhappy with the change in fortunes and destinies[24]. Their military attack on the Children of Israel would have made Esav proud. But things have changed: Yehoshua[25] is sent to fight back with a sword. The children of Yaakov literally fight fire with fire, taking up arms in a manner more similar with Esav than with Yaakov. And while this scene unfolds on the battlefield, up on the mountain Moshe prays for victory. But it is how he prays that is striking. He lifts his hands in prayer. “And it came to pass, when Moshe held up his hands, Israel prevailed; and when he let down his hands, Amalek prevailed.” (Shmot 17:11) When the voice and the hands are completely united, Esav/Amalek can be defeated.[26]

Only then can the Jews can continue to Mount Sinai.[27] Only then will they “see the sounds” of the greatest Revelation mankind has ever known. Once they have elevated their hands, the sounds, too, can be elevated.

Esav was willing to take the shortcut to Hevron, and the shortcut to Horev.[28] But the long, hard work that is necessary for real spiritual growth was foreign to him, even disdained by him. This is the true difference between the two brothers, and the greatness of Yaakov and his descendents.

The ultimate merger of lifting hands and prayer is the blessing of the Kohanim. Hands are lifted in peace, not in war; not in anger but in love. Ironically, the name Esav has the same numerical value as shalom (376). While Esav may have the voice of Yaakov within him, his hands are the hands of Esav. Esav could ask questions that would convince even Yitzchak of his sincerity. He knew how to talk, but not how to unite his speech with his actions. He was only “kosher” on the outside. In the end, his head - and only his head – gains entry to the Ma’arat Hamachepela. The rest of Esav is excluded.


[1] Chushim is in a sense the inverse of Yitzchak: His sense of sight is intact but he is deaf, making him impervious to Esav’s deceit. I hope to return to this episode in depth at a later date.
[2] See Pirkei D’Rebbi Eliezer, Chapter 38 .
פרקי דרבי אליעזר פרק לח
וכשבאו למערת המכפלה בא עליהם עשו מהר חורב לחרחר ריב ואמ' שלי הוא מערת המכפלה מה עשה יוסף שלח לרכוש מזלות ולירד למצרים ולעלות כתב עולם שהיה בינם לכך הלך נפתלי שהוא אילה שלוחה חושים בן דן היה פגום באזנו ובלשונו אמ' להם מפני מה אנחנו יושבין כאן הראהו באצבעו אמ' לו בשביל האיש הזה שאינו מניח אותנו לקבור את יעקב שלף את חרבו והתיז את ראשו של עשו ונכנס הראש לתוך מערת המכפלה ואת גוייתו שלח לארץ אחוזתו בהר שעיר מה עשה יצחק אחז בראשו של עשו והיה מתפלל לפני הב"ה ואמ' לפניו רבון כל העולמים יוחן רשע בל למד צדק יוחן רשע זה שלא למד כל המצות שבתורה שנ' בל למד צדק ועל ארץ ישראל ועל מערת המכפלה בעול הוא מדבר שנ' בארץ נכוחות עול השיבתו רוח הקדש ואמרה אני לא יראה גאות ה' שנ' בל יראה גאות ה':
[3] Rashi Bereishit 27:22
רש"י על בראשית פרק כז פסוק כב
(כב) קול יעקב - שמדבר בלשון תחנונים קום נא אבל עשו בלשון קנטוריא דבר יקום אבי:
[4] Ramban Bereishit 27:12
רמב"ן על בראשית פרק כז פסוק יב
ואני תמה, איך לא פחד מהיכר הקול, וכל בני אדם נכרים בקולם, כמו שאמרו רבותינו (גיטין כג -) היאך סומא מותר באשתו, והיאך בני אדם מותרין בנשותיהן בלילה, אלא בטביעות עינא דקלא ואם סתם בני אדם מכירין כן, מה יהיה ביצחק, החכם והבקי להכיר בין בניו, שתהיה לו באמת טביעות בקול אולי היו האחים האלה דומים בקולם ולכך אמרו (ב"ר סה יט) כי הקול קול יעקב, דבריו, שמדבר בלשון רכה ומזכיר שם שמים או שהיה משנה קולו לדבר כלשון אחיו, כי יש בבני אדם יודעים לעשות כן:
[5] Rashbam 27:22 says as twins they would have sounded the same or similar.
רשב"ם על בראשית פרק כז פסוק כב
הקול קול יעקב - לפי שתאומים היו היה קולן דומות קצת זה לזה ולכך טעה יצחק בקולו מאחר שמצאו איש שער על צוארו:
[6] See the remarkable explanation of the Beit Halevi, who suggests that Esav, knowing that Yaakov might “try something”, devised a plan: Esav told his father that he, Esav, will come and speak like Yaakov. Esav reasoned that if Yaakov came dressed as Esav, he would surely speak like Esav. Yaakov did, indeed, come dressed as Esav, but he spoke in his own voice. He spoke as Yaakov.
בית הלוי על בראשית פרק כז פסוק כב
הקול קול יעקב והידים ידי עשו, ולא הכירו ויברך אותו. לכאורה יש להבין כיון דההכרה של הקול היה נגד ההכרה של הידים במאי הכריע שהוא עשו וברכו. ולולא דמסתפינא היה אפשר לומר דהרי יצחק הרבה לבודקו אם הוא באמת עשו או הוא מטעה אותו. וי"ל דגם בתחילה נתיירא עשו מזה וקודם שהלך מיצחק אמר לאביו סימן שיוודע שהוא עשו שישנה קולו כקולו של יעקב ולדבר בנחת כיעקב ולהזכיר שם שמים וזהו סימן שהוא עשו דאם יבא יעקב להטעות הרי מסתמא ישנה הוא קולו שידמה כקול עשו. ועיין ברמב"ן שכתב על הא דאמר יעקב אולי ימושני אבי והא דלא נתיירא יותר שיכירו ע"י הקול משום דיכול לשנותו כקולו של עשו. וזהו שאמר הקול קול יעקב והידים ידי עשו הרי שני הסימנים מתאימים ולא הכירו וע"כ ויברך אותו. וי"ל עוד דיעקב בשכלו הבין גם את סוד זה ומש"ה לא שינה קולו ודבר כדרכו. וזהו שאמר הכתוב בא אחיך במרמה ותרגם אונקלוס בא אחוך בחוכמא, ולכאורה מרמה וחכמה הם שני עניינים, רק לפי הנ"ל הכל אחד דהמרמה הוא מה שלא עשה מרמה ודיבר כדרכו ולמרמה כזה לא יקרא מרמה רק חכמה שהבין כל זה שאין צריך לו לעשות מרמה רק ידבר כדרכו, ועשו נלכד ע"י ערמתו:
[7] Bereishit 32:25
[8] Rashi Bereishit 32:25
[9] Rashi Bereishit 32:27
[10] See Gittin 57b
תלמוד בבלי מסכת גיטין דף נז עמוד ב
"הַקּוֹל קוֹל יַעֲקֹב וְהַיָּדַיִם יְדֵי עֵשָׂו" (בראשית כּז). "הַקּוֹל", זֶה אַדְרְיָינוּס קֵיסָר שֶׁהָרַג בְּאַלֶכְּסַנְדְרִיָא שֶׁל מִצְרַיִם שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא עַל שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, כִּפְלַיִם כְּיוֹצְאֵי מִצְרַיִם. "קוֹל יַעֲקֹב", זֶה אַסְפַּסְיָנוּס קֵיסָר, שֶׁהָרַג בִּכְרַךְ בֵּיתָר אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת רִבּוֹא, וְאָמְרֵי לָהּ, אַרְבַּעַת אֲלָפִים רִבּוֹא. "וְהַיָּדַיִם יְדֵי עֵשָׂו", זוֹ מַלְכוּת אֱדוֹם שֶׁהֶחֱרִיבָה אֶת בֵּיתֵנוּ, וְשָׂרְפָה אֶת הֵיכָלֵנוּ, וְהִגְלִיתָנוּ מֵאַרְצֵנוּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, "הַקּוֹל קוֹל יַעֲקֹב", אֵין לְךָ תְּפִלָּה שֶׁמּוֹעֶלֶת, שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מִזַּרְעוֹ שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב. וְ"הַיָּדַיִם יְדֵי עֵשָׂו", אֵין לְךָ מִלְחָמָה שֶׁנּוֹצַחַת, שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מִזַּרְעוֹ שֶׁל עֵשָׂו. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, (איוב ה) "בְּשׁוֹט לָשׁוֹן תֶּחָבֵא", בְּחִרְחוּרֵי לָשׁוֹן תֵּחָבֵא:
‘The voice of Yaakov’: this is the cry caused by the Emperor Vespasian who killed in the city of Betar four hundred thousand myriads, or as some say, four thousand myriads. ‘The hands are the hands of Esav:’ this is the Government of Rome which has destroyed our House and burnt our Temple and driven us out of our land. Another explanation is [as follows]: ‘The voice is the voice of Yaakov:’ no prayer is effective unless the seed of Yaakov has a part in it. ‘The hands are the hands of Esav:’ no war is successful unless the seed of Esav has a share in it. This is what R. Eleazar said: Thou shalt be hid from the scourge of the tongue; this means, thou shalt be protected from the heated contests of the tongue.
[11] See Bereshit 2:7 and the translation of Unkolus: God breathes life into Man, and Man becomes a “living being.” Unkolus renders this phrase as “speaking being”.
בראשית פרק ב
(ז) וַיִּיצֶר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה:
אונקלוס בראשית פרק ב פסוק ז
ז) וברא יי אלהים ית אדם עפרא מן ארעא ונפח באפוהי נשמתא דחיי והות באדם לרוח ממללא:
[12] When Chushim kills Esav he does so with a sword. When Yitzchak refers to the hands of Esav he describes them as having a sword in them. See Bereishit 27:40
ספר בראשית פרק כז
(מ) וְעַל חַרְבְּךָ תִחְיֶה וְאֶת אָחִיךָ תַּעֲבֹד וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר תָּרִיד וּפָרַקְתָּ עֻלּוֹ מֵעַל צַוָּארֶךָ:
And by your sword shall you live, and your brother will you serve; and when it comes to pass when you rule, that you have broken his yoke from off your neck.'(Bereishit 27:40)
[13] See Bereishit Rabbah 65:1
[14] The Shla Hakadosh sees Yaakov and Esav in one womb as representing the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. He continues to say that according to some Midrashim the pig will one day repent (the word chazir – Hebrew for pig – shares the root chazar, which means ‘return’). The ultimate messianic vision is for evil to be elevated into good. For more on the pig’s return, see my article “When Pigs Fly.” An electronic copy can be found at http://www.aish.com/torahportion/moray/When_Pigs_Fly.asp
ספר השל"ה הקדוש - ספר בראשית - פרשת חיי שרה תורה אור (ב)
וענין יצחק תיקן התפשטות עץ הדעת טוב ורע, הם יעקב ועשו נולדו תאומים. כי גם הרע יתוקן, כמו שאמרו רז"ל (תרגי"ו בראשית נ, יג) רישא דעשו מונח בעטפיה דיצחק, סוד החזרת הרע למוטב, בסוד עתיד חזיר לטהר. וישחוט הקב"ה מלאך המות, דהיינו בלע המות לנצח, וישאר מלאך.
[15] See Rav Tzadok Hakohen in Kometz Mincha, chelek bet section 62 for an expansion of this idea
ספר קומץ המנחה חלק ב - אות סב
במעשה לעשו שאף על פי שהוא הפסולת מרחם כנזכר לעיל (אות ס"א) זהו מצד ההריון והנעלם אבל נגלהו היה נראה קדוש מרחם וכמו שאמרו (בראשית רבה ס"ה, א') פושט טלפיו כחזיר וכו' שהרגל מורה על המעשה והסימן השני מעלת גרה שהוא שלימות האכילה מורה על הפנימיות:
[16] Bereishit 25:30
בראשית פרק כה
(ל) וַיֹּאמֶר עֵשָׂו אֶל יַעֲקֹב הַלְעִיטֵנִי נָא מִן הָאָדֹם הָאָדֹם הַזֶּה כִּי עָיֵף אָנֹכִי עַל כֵּן קָרָא שְׁמוֹ אֱדוֹם:
[17] Rashi Bereishit 25:30
רש"י בראשית פרק כה
הלעיטני - אפתח פי ושפוך הרבה לתוכה, כמו ששנינו אין אובסין את הגמל אבל מלעיטין אותו:

[18] When Rivka arrives she falls off her camel “And Rivka lifted up her eyes, and saw Yitzchak, she fell from the camel” (Bereshit 24:64) Rashi explains that she then senses that as the camel has one kosher sign and one non-kosher sign, she to will have one kosher son and one non-kosher one.
ספר בראשית פרק כד
(סד) וַתִּשָּׂא רִבְקָה אֶת עֵינֶיהָ וַתֵּרֶא אֶת יִצְחָק וַתִּפֹּל מֵעַל הַגָּמָל:
מדרש רבה בראשית פרשה ס פסקה יד
אמרי מה גמל זה יש בו סימן טומאה וסימן טהרה כך העמידה רבקה צדיק ורשע

[19] See Talmud Bavli Kidushin 18a.
[20] See Talmud Bavli Brachot 27b, Rashbets in Magen Avot Avot 3:13 says that Akiva’s father Yosef was a convert.
[21] See for example Meor Eynayim parshat Toldot
ספר מאור עינים - פרשת תולדות
ואיתא בכתבי האר"י ז"ל שיצחק אהב את עשו כי ציד בפיו כי נשמת רבי עקיבא היתה מדברת מפיו כי היתה כלולה בו בבחינת ראש של עשו ותבין כל זה עם מה שכתוב למעלה כי הוא היה באמת רע גמור אך שראה יצחק שבשעת דבורו עמו היה משיג יצחק בתוכו נשמת רבי עקיבא שהוא מבחינת נשמות הקודושת שבאים לחיותן ואף שהיה יצחק אבינו ע"ה מרכבה לו יתברך ובודאי לא היה אפשר לעשו לרמותו כמו שנראה מהפסוקים אך הוא מובן עם מ"ש ומטעם זה תבין גם כן איך נתאחדו שניהם יעקב אבינו ע"ה שהיה מובחר שבאבות מרכבה להשם יתברך עם עשו שהוא רע גמור ולמה לא בראם השם יתברך שיוולדו לכל הפחות זה אחר זה בשני עבורין וגם תמוה שיהי בבטן צדקת כרבקה ואף שיהיה שניהם כאחד במקור אחד אך שרצה הבורא ברוך הוא על ידי השקפתו הגודלה שיעקב אבינו צריך דווקא לברר ממנו הניצוצות הקדושים ההם ונודע כי מי שרציך להעלות שום דבר המונח למטה צריך לשתות ולירד עד המקום ההוא למען יאחז בהדבר שצריך להעלותו לכך הוצרך שיתאחדו במקום אחד בבת אחת בקירוב גדול בכדי שיוכל לברר ממנו הקדושה המלובשת בו שהוא רע בעצם על ידי מותרות וסיגי הדין שביצחק כנודע ויתחיל לברר מיד ביצירתן על ידי התאחדותן ביחד במקור אחד וזהו וידו אוחזת בעקב עשו כי עקב הוא לשון הילוך כאמור כי כל הלוכן והנהגתן של העמים הוא על ידי הקדושה המלובשת בהן ואחז יעקב בעקב הנ"ל לבררו והיה גם כן כך בדורות הבאין מבני יעקב שהלכו בעקבותיו כמו רבי שבירר גם כן והוציא לאור נשמת אנטונינוס:
[22] See Nedarim 50a
The daughter of Kalba Savu'a betrothed herself to R. Akiva. When her father heard thereof, he vowed that she was not to benefit from aught of his property. Then she went and married him in winter. They slept on straw, and he had to pick out the straw from her hair. ‘If Only I could afford it,’ said he to her, ‘I would present you with a golden Jerusalem.’ [Later] Elijah came to them in the guise of a mortal, and cried out at the door. ‘Give me some straw, for my wife is in confinement and I have nothing for her to lie on.’ ‘See!’ R. Akiva observed to his wife, ‘there is a man who lacks even straw.’ [Subsequently] she counselled him, ‘Go, and become a scholar.’
[23] See Meor Eynayim parshat Toldot
ספר מאור עינים - פרשת תולדות
ונודע כי רבי עקיבא נשא בתחילה את בת כלבא שבוע והדירו ממנו הנאה והיו שוכבין על תבן ובא אליהו ז"ל ואדמי ליה כגברא עניא ובקש מהם תבן באמרו שאשתו ילדה וצריכה לשכב על תבן ונתן לו רבי עקיבא תבן וזהו מדה טובה מאוד וכל זה צפה והשיג יצחק אבינו ע"ה כי בשעת דבורו עמו היה אומר לו רצה לומר היה מדבר עמו אותו ניצוץ הקדוש שעתיד ליתן צדקה מתבן שהוא רמז על נשמת רבי עקיבא והבן:
[24] When Esav came to stop the burial of Yaakov we are told he came from Horev – Sinai. Apparently, Hevron was not the only inheritance Esav wanted. He dreamed of the Torah from Sinai as well. See Pirkei D’rebbi Eliezer chapter 38.
פרקי דרבי אליעזר פרק לח
וכשבאו למערת המכפלה בא עליהם עשו מהר חורב לחרחר ריב ואמ' שלי הוא מערת המכפלה מה עשה יוסף שלח לרכוש מזלות ולירד למצרים ולעלות כתב עולם שהיה בינם
[25] Yehoshua is a man of the tent.
[26] This idea can be found in the Mabit Beit Elokim Shaar Tefila chapter 18
ספר בית אלקים - שער התפילה - פרק שמנה עשר
תפלת משה על עמלק, (שמות י"ז) והיה כאשר ירים משה ידו וגבר ישראל וגו', במכילתא וכי ידיו של משה מגברות את ישראל או ידיו שוברות את עמלק, אלא כ"ז שהיה משה מגביה את ידיו למעלה היו ישראל מסתכלין בו ומאמינים במי שפקד את משה לעשות כן והמקום עושה להם נסים וגבורות. בהיות נכלל בברכת עשו והיה כאשר תריד ופרקת עולו מעל צואריך, המתין והשגיח עמלק בעת שירפו ידיהם מן התורה ואז נלחם עמם, ולכך הוצרך משה לומר ליהושע בחר לנו אנשים גבורים יראי חטא להלחם עם עמלק, כ"א לא ילחמו עמו בכח גדול וביד חזקה, לא יוכלו לו בתפלה מצד שרפו ידיהם מן התורה, (ב"ר פ' ס"ה) ובזמן שהקול קול יעקב אז הידים ידי עשו, ונזדרז משה רבינו בשני הדברים בתפלה ובגבורת מלחמה, והיתה תפלתו מוכיחה שינצחו בעשותם מלחמ' לא שתספיק התפלה למחות זרע עמלק בלי מלחמה, ולזה הוצרך להרים ידיו כדי שיגברו ישראל, דרך רמז שיהיו ידיהם רמות על עמלק בנצחון המלחמה, וכשהיו ישראל מכוונים לבם לשמים בהרמת ידי משה היה האל יתברך עושה להם נס, גם כי רפו ידיהם מן התורה ברפידים שינצחו, וכשהיה מניח ידיו וגבר עמלק, וידי משה כבדים, כלומר מצד חטאת ישראל שרפו ידיהם מן התורה, וגם כי ברכת עשו היתה ועל חרבך תחיה, היו ידיו כבדות לנצוח מלחמת עמלק בחרב ובמלחמה, עד שלקחו אבן ושמו תחתיו וישב עליה בתמיכתם, והיו ידיו אמונה עד בא השמש, וחולשתו של משה גרם חולשה לנצחון המלחמה שלא נכרת זרעו של עמלק אלא שהחליש אותם יהושע:
[27] See Rav Zadok Hakohen, Divrei Sofrim section 36
ספר דברי סופרים - אות לו
וזה נקרא קול כמו שנאמר (בראשית כ"ז כ"ב) הקול קול יעקב ונאמר (דברים ל"ג ז') שמע ה' קול יהודה, והן הקולות דמתן תורה הנשמעות מתוך האש, דיצחק הוא האש המוליד הקול ויעקב הוא הקול עצמו שמטתו שלימה שהוא כלל הכנסת ישראל שהם עצמות התורה דאמת ליעקב הדבוק באלקים חיים, וחי לעולם כמו שאמרו (תענית ה' ע"ב) דלא מת כי אכל מעץ החיים ואין עץ החיים אלא תורה כמו שמובא בתנא דבי אליהו רבא (פרק א') שנאמר (משלי ג' י"ח) עץ חיים היא וגו' והוא עצם התורה:
[28] The name Hevron has as its root the letters chet bet resh –which spells haver, friend. Chorev has as its root chet resh bet, which spells herev - sword.

Sunday, November 16, 2008

Parshat Chayay Sarah 5769 Be’er L’chai Ro’i - A Living Well

Parshat Chayay Sarah 5769
© Rabbi Ari Kahn

A Living Well

Something missing
When we look at the beginning of the Parasha we notice that something is missing. We are told of the death of Sarah, the tears, Avraham's eulogy. We are told in detail how Avraham deals with the details of burial. What is missing is the other major character who we would have expected to have shed at least as many tears: Yitzchak. Where was he? Why did he miss his mother’s funeral? This question is articulated by Rabbenu Bachya, who notes that Yitzchak’s obligation for his beloved mother and his love for her should have at least equaled that of his father. Where were his tears? Where was his eulogy?[1]

Rabbenu Bachya reminds us that Yitzchak had just endured his own stressful, traumatic episode. He was bound to an altar, and watched the blade's rapid descent; only heavenly intervention spared his life. Rabbenu Bachya posits that, for fear that the tragedy of his mother’s death may have been too much for him, Yitzchak was not informed of his mothers passing.[2] Rabbenu Bachya then points out a blatant textual oddity: Not only is Yitzchak missing from Sarah’s funeral, his disappearance begins at an earlier juncture, in the aftermath of the Akeida.

Where’s Yitzchak?
When Avraham sets out for the mountain he takes Yitzchak and two others, referred to as “n'arim” or young men. The text tells us that they walked together:

בראשית פרק כב
(ג) וַיַּשְׁכֵּם אַבְרָהָם בַּבֹּקֶר וַיַּחֲבֹשׁ אֶת חֲמֹרוֹ וַיִּקַּח אֶת שְׁנֵי נְעָרָיו אִתּוֹ וְאֵת יִצְחָק בְּנוֹ וַיְבַקַּע עֲצֵי עֹלָה וַיָּקָם וַיֵּלֶךְ אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר לוֹ הָאֱלֹהִים:(ד) בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וַיִּשָּׂא אַבְרָהָם אֶת עֵינָיו וַיַּרְא אֶת הַמָּקוֹם מֵרָחֹק:(ה) וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָהָם אֶל נְעָרָיו שְׁבוּ לָכֶם פֹּה עִם הַחֲמוֹר וַאֲנִי וְהַנַּעַר נֵלְכָה עַד כֹּה וְנִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וְנָשׁוּבָה אֲלֵיכֶם:(ו) וַיִּקַּח אַבְרָהָם אֶת עֲצֵי הָעֹלָה וַיָּשֶׂם עַל יִצְחָק בְּנוֹ וַיִּקַּח בְּיָדוֹ אֶת הָאֵשׁ וְאֶת הַמַּאֲכֶלֶת וַיֵּלְכוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחְדָּו:(ז) וַיֹּאמֶר יִצְחָק אֶל אַבְרָהָם אָבִיו וַיֹּאמֶר אָבִי וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֶּנִּי בְנִי וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה הָאֵשׁ וְהָעֵצִים וְאַיֵּה הַשֶּׂה לְעֹלָה:(ח) וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהִים יִרְאֶה לּוֹ הַשֶּׂה לְעֹלָה בְּנִי וַיֵּלְכוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחְדָּו:
3 And Avraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him, and Yitzchak his son, and he took the wood for the olah, and rose and went to the place of which God had spoken to him. 4 On the third day -- Avraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place from afar; 5 And Avraham said to his young men, `Remain here with the donkey, and I and the youth will go yonder and worship, and we will return to you.' 6 And Avraham took the wood of the olah, and placed it on Yitzchak his son, and he took in his hand the fire, and the knife; and they went on both of them together. 7 And Yitzchak said to Avraham his father, `My father,' and [Avraham] said,`Here I am, my son.' And he said, `Lo, the fire and the wood, and where the lamb for an olah?' 8 And Avraham said, `God doth provide for Himself the lamb for an olah, my son;' and they went on both of them together.

Father and son walk together, united in love, united in their mission. However, at the end of the episode, we are told of only Avraham returning to the young men:

בראשית פרק כב
(יט) וַיָּשָׁב אַבְרָהָם אֶל נְעָרָיו וַיָּקֻמוּ וַיֵּלְכוּ יַחְדָּו אֶל בְּאֵר שָׁבַע וַיֵּשֶׁב אַבְרָהָם בִּבְאֵר שָׁבַע:
19And Avraham returned to his young men, and they rose and went together to Beer-Sheva; and Avraham dwelled in Beer-Sheva. (Bereishit 22:19)

What happened to Yitzchak? It seems impossible that Avraham could have simply picked up and left without his precious son, the son born of a miraculous birth, the son who was just saved by God Himself. He would not simply have forgotten him up on the mountain while he went on with his own business. Other commentaries have noticed this lacuna in the text as well. Ibn Ezra, to name one, protests:

אבן עזרא על בראשית פרק כב פסוק יט
וישב אברהם - ולא הזכיר יצחק כי הוא ברשותו והאומ' ששחטו ועזבו ואח"כ חיה אמר הפך הכתוב:

“Avraham returned” includes Yitzchak….those who say he (Avraham) killed him and left him behind, and then Yitzchak was resurrected – this is contradicted by the text.” Ibn Ezra 22:19

While Ibn Ezra doesn’t reveal who he has in mind, who could have read the text in such a warped manner,[3] we are nonetheless able to see Ibn Ezra, like Rabbenu Bachya, is bothered by the “disappearance” of Yitzchak. Ibn Ezra insists that when the text says “Avraham” it really means Avraham and Yitzchak.

But the confusion only deepens when we note that Yitzchak “disappears” even before Avraham’s descent from the mountain. It begins when the Angel calls out to Avraham, at the very apex of the mountain, at the most crucial moment of the Akeida, telling him to cease and desist. It continues, like an odd shadow, throughout the death, burial, and mourning of Sarah. But it doesn’t stop there: Yitzchak even misses his own courtship. A surrogate is sent to find a wife for him. Only when Rivka arrives does Yitzchak, quite alive, return to the biblical narrative.

(Paradise) Yitzchak Found
In Rabbinic literature there are two basic approaches to Yitzchak’s whereabouts during the textual “blackout”. The first approach is that Yitzchak is busy learning[4] in Yeshiva[5]. A second approach, found in other midrashim, describes Yitzchak as having died or almost died, or died in a metaphorical sense, depending on nuance. Yitzchak has temporarily retired to the Garden of Eden.

מדרש הגדול
ויצחק היכן הוא? אמר ר' אלעזר בן פדת אע"פ שלא מת יצחק מעלה הכתוב כאילו מת ואפרן מוטל על גבי המזבח לכך וישב אברהם אל נעריו.
ויצחק היכן הוא? אלא שהכניסו הקב"ה לגן עדן וישב שם בה שלש שנים.

Even though Yitzchak did not die it is deemed as if he died, and his ashes are on the altar…
Where was Yitzchak? God took him to the Garden of Eden where he remained for 3 years. (Midrash Hagadol)

Many midrashim see Yitzchak as having died, and Jewish liturgy abounds with references to the Akeida as if it had actually been performed to completion. Most likely, what we are meant to gain from this line of midrashic discussion is this: Avraham’s willingness to sacrifice what he loved most for God should be perceived on at least some level as if the offering was brought. On the other hand, Yitzchak ends up in Gan Eden. We might interpret this as referring to a place of spiritual perfection. In a certain sense, both “paradise” and “yeshiva” may be seen as places where someone who has just been raised up on the altar as an olah might go to pursue the religious experience further.

The Well
While these explanations fill in the perceived holes of the biblical narrative, perhaps a close reading of the actual text of the Torah can also be instructive. The next time we see Yitzchak, the Torah tells us quite clearly where he has been:

ספר בראשית פרק כד
(סב) וְיִצְחָק בָּא מִבּוֹא בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי וְהוּא יוֹשֵׁב בְּאֶרֶץ הַנֶּגֶב: (סג) וַיֵּצֵא יִצְחָק לָשׂוּחַ בַּשָּׂדֶה לִפְנוֹת עָרֶב וַיִּשָּׂא עֵינָיו וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה גְמַלִּים בָּאִים: (סד) וַתִּשָּׂא רִבְקָה אֶת עֵינֶיהָ וַתֵּרֶא אֶת יִצְחָק וַתִּפֹּל מֵעַל הַגָּמָל: (סה) וַתֹּאמֶר אֶל הָעֶבֶד מִי הָאִישׁ הַלָּזֶה הַהֹלֵךְ בַּשָּׂדֶה לִקְרָאתֵנוּ וַיֹּאמֶר הָעֶבֶד הוּא אֲדֹנִי וַתִּקַּח הַצָּעִיף וַתִּתְכָּס: (סו) וַיְסַפֵּר הָעֶבֶד לְיִצְחָק אֵת כָּל הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה: (סז) וַיְבִאֶהָ יִצְחָק הָאֹהֱלָה שָׂרָה אִמּוֹ וַיִּקַּח אֶת רִבְקָה וַתְּהִי לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה וַיֶּאֱהָבֶהָ וַיִּנָּחֵם יִצְחָק אַחֲרֵי אִמּוֹ:
62And Yitzchak was on his way, coming from Be’er L’Chai Ro’i (literally, “Well of the Living One, my Beholder”); and he is dwelling in the Negev, 63 and Yitzchak went out to meditate in the field, at the turning of the evening, and he lifted up his eyes, and suddenly saw camels approaching. 64 And Rivka lifted up her eyes, and saw Yitzchak, and alighted from off the camel; 66 And the servant recounted to Yitzchak all the things that he had done, 67 and Yitzchak brought her in to the tent of Sarah his mother, and he took Rivka, and she became his wife, and he loved her, and Yitzchak was comforted after [the death of] his mother.

Here we find Yitzchak comforted after the death of his mother, so apparently he had been mourning. But where was he? The particular destination of his travels is instructive – Be’er L’chai Ro’i. We have heard of this place before. Hagar gave this place its name when she ran away from her mistress Sarah. Rashi[6] notes Yitzchak’s choice of destination, and finds within it an indication of the very tender relationship between Avraham and Yitzchak: Yitzchak travelled to Be’er L’chai Ro’i to fetch Hagar, Avraham’s estranged wife[7]. Avraham is worried about his son, and arranges to bring an appropriate wife for him, while at the same time Yitzchak is concerned about his father’s loneliness and brings him a familiar companion.

The Ramban[8] focuses on the spiritual qualities of Be’er L’chai Ro’i. Based on the language, he understands that this is a place that Yitzchak frequents[9]. This is his designated place of prayer, for this is a place of revelation. An angel appeared to Hagar here; this is a place of prophecy. Given the proximity to his home, he chooses this as his spiritual sanctuary, his refuge of solitude. The Seforno[10] even posits that Yitzchak was praying for a bride, and as he utters his prayer – the mission of his father’s servant is successfully completed miles away.

The text makes it clear that this trip to Be’er L’chai Ro’i is not an isolated visit. We find that this place later becomes Yitzchak’s home. After the death of Avraham, Be’er L'chai Ro'i becomes the place that Yitzchak settles.

ספר בראשית פרק כה
(יא) וַיְהִי אַחֲרֵי מוֹת אַבְרָהָם וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹקים אֶת יִצְחָק בְּנוֹ וַיֵּשֶׁב יִצְחָק עִם בְּאֵר לַחַי רֹאִי:
11And it came to pass after the death of Avraham, that God blessed Yitzchak his son; and Yitzchak dwelled by Be’er L’chai Ro’i.


Perhaps Yitzchak’s choice of this place for his home is connected with Hagar’s[11] revelation in a different way: Perhaps within this choice we can sense some type of reconciliation between Yitzchak and Yishmael.[12]

We know little of the relationship between these two sons of Avraham. Yishmael, the firstborn, was banished soon after Yitzchak’s birth, and he headed toward the desert, toward the area of Be’er L’chai Ro’i.[13] Is there more in common between Yitzchak and Yishmael than we might have thought? Is there any unity between these brothers? The answer would seem to be a resounding yes! Immediately before the choice of Yitzchak’s residence is mentioned we are told that Avraham passed away, and his burial was tended to by both sons:

ספר בראשית פרק כה
(ח) וַיִּגְוַע וַיָּמָת אַבְרָהָם בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֹבָה זָקֵן וְשָׂבֵעַ וַיֵּאָסֶף אֶל עַמָּיו: (ט) וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֹתוֹ יִצְחָק וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל בָּנָיו אֶל מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה אֶל שְׂדֵה עֶפְרֹן בֶּן צֹחַר הַחִתִּי אֲשֶׁר עַל פְּנֵי מַמְרֵא:
8 And Avraham expired, and died in a good old age, aged and satisfied, and was gathered unto his people. 9 And Yitzchak and Yishmael his sons buried him at the cave of Machpelah, at the field of Ephron, son of Tzoar the Hittite, which [is] before Mamre.

Yitzchak and Yishmael bury their father together, united. Perhaps Yitzchak’s forays to Be’er L’chai Ro’i have paid dividends and now we have healing in the family. A family once divided has now achieved a semblance of unity. Perhaps as long as Sarah was alive, Yitzchak could not make this move, for it was his mother who had demanded the expulsion of Hagar and Yishmael. After Sarah’s death Yitzchak is free to try and bring people together. With Avraham’s death Yitchak goes one step further and chooses to live with Yishmael in Be’er L’chai Ro’i. Perhaps Yitzchak, being the reason for Yishmael’s expulsion, feels a special responsibility to bring the family together.

This analysis may help us understand another relationship - the relationship between Yitzchak and his ne’er-do-well son Esav. Perhaps Yitzchak, as the favored son, has made a conscious decision not expel a son from his home despite his faults. He has seen the results of such expulsions; he seeks to heal rather than to divide or cause further estrangement.

When the Torah describes Yitzchak’s love for Esav, the particulars make it sound strange, limited, even conditional.

בראשית פרק כה
)כח) וַיֶּאֱהַב יִצְחָק אֶת עֵשָׂו כִּי צַיִד בְּפִיו וְרִבְקָה אֹהֶבֶת אֶת יַעֲקֹב:
28 And Yitzchak loved Esau, for [his] hunting [is] in his mouth; and Rivka loves Jacob.

How strange: he loves his son because he brings him food?! Perhaps Yitzchak is searching for a reason – any reason - to love his son. This is not at all like the unconditional love Rivka has for her son Ya’akov. Yet Yitzchak is unwilling to give up on Esav, even though he pales in comparison to Ya’akov. Yitzchak finds a task Esav is capable of, even well-suited to: He asks him to bring him food. When Yitzchak gets older and wishes to bless his son, again he looks for Esav’s positive attributes and asks him to bring him food.

Ya’akov, dressed as Esav, enters his room, and Yitzchak takes a moment to enjoy the aroma of the meal, of the goats his son has brought him. Rashi[14] questions this particular pleasure, noting that few odors are as unsavory as the stench of goats. What did Yitzchak smell? Rashi’s answer is surprising: It is the bouquet of Gan Eden, the aroma of paradise. That was a smell familiar to Yitzchak: he once lived there. Yitzchak paused to recall this scent, to retrieve this sensory memory.

Perfected Vision
The Torah tells us that at this point Yitzchak was blind. Rashi[15] explains that this was due to the tears of the angels who cried during the Akeida. Two of Yitzchak’s senses, then, were affected by the same singular experience – the Akeida. In other words, after being raised up on the altar, Yitzchak’s sight is forever altered. But what is the nature of Yitzchak’s perception, and what is the extent of his vision? Is he somehow damaged? Is he naive regarding his son’s shortcomings, seeing less than we do – or does he perhaps see much more?

Yitzchak clearly sees differently: He sees through the prism of his Akeida experience, an experience that took him directly to Gan Eden. Eden is a place deep in the past of our collective conscience. It is also a place in the future. It represents a world perfected, and it represents a perfect world. This is how Yitzchak saw, not through the jaundiced eye that most people use as a spectrum, which diffuses the good and focuses on the bad. Yitzchak saw the world from the perspective of the Garden of Eden. He saw perfection. He saw the culmination of history, the realization of the process of redemption, the return to the perfected state of Eden. He saw the future.

Yitzchak’s entire being is intertwined with this perspective, this type of sight or perception that focuses on the future[16]. Even his name, which represents the essence of his being, means “will laugh” – in the future. This is the real meaning of the midrashim that tell us that Yitzchak went from the Akeida to Gan Eden: His eyes were “fixed” at the Akeida, his perception altered. Now he had perfect vision. Now he saw a perfect world. He saw the world from the vantage point of Eden.

That perspective, that perception, gave him the ability, even the courage, to approach a person like Yishmael, and to attempt to create harmony from the dissonance. Yitzchak saw that Yishmael can and will do teshuva, that Yishmael can and will come to recognize that there is One God.

The Meshech Chochma[17] describes the repentance of the descendents of Yishmael and Esav in the messianic age as another example of “the acts of the fathers are a sign for the children”. Because of the actions of Yitzchak, Yishmael did return, as will his children. Because of the actions of Yitzchak, Esav remained close to his father, and his descendents will return to the fold in the future. Because Yitzchak was willing to live in the place that had spiritual importance to Yishmael, and by so doing to validate Yishmael’s nascent monotheistic feelings, Yishmael and Yitzchak were able to coexist. What Yitzchak may or may not have been able to see was that while his action in the present was due to his perception of the future, what he saw in future was a result of his actions in the present. Would that we could all see the world through rose-colored, “Eden” glasses.


[1] See Rabbenu Bachya Bereishit 23:2
רבינו בחיי על בראשית פרק כג פסוק ב
ונ"ל עוד כי היה הכתוב ראוי שיאמר ויבא אברהם ויצחק לספוד לשרה ולבכותה, כי בודאי ראוי היה יצחק לספוד לאמו הצדקת ולבכות עליה, שהרי החיוב בו גדול מאד יותר ממה שהוא באברהם, ועוד שהיא אהבתו אהבה יתרה שילדה אותו על דרך הפלא, והיתה נפשה קשורה בנפשו:
[2] See Rebenu Bachya Bereishit 23:2
רבינו בחיי על בראשית פרק כג פסוק ב
אבל יתכן לומר שלא ידע יצחק באותו הפרק שמתה אמו, כי לפי שמיתתה היתה בשבילו בשמועת העקדה, על כן העלימו ממנו מיתתה ולא הגידו לו. ומן הטעם הזה לא ראינו שיזכירנו הכתוב ליצחק כלל ל א במיתתה ולא בקבורתה, גם מעת שנעקד על גבי המזבח לא ראינוהו, שהרי כשהלכו אברהם ויצחק להר המוריה כתוב בחזרה (בראשית כב) וישב אברהם אל נעריו, והיה ראוי שיאמר וישובו אל הנערים, ולא הזכיר חזרת יצחק:
[3] The basic quandary created by the Akeida is that on the one hand Yitzchak is the progeny through whom God has promised to fulfill His blessings, while on the other hand Yitzchak is to be killed. Rav Soloveitchik quoting his grandfather, describes this as a classic case of two verses contradicting one another, and a third verse which reconciles the two.
Mystical sources have insisted that Yitzchak did, in fact, die at the Akeida, an idea found in various midrashim. The Ari”zal claims that Yitzchak, who would have been childless, dies, and a new soul which can father children enters his body. Thus, it was the Akeida that made the fulfillment of Gods’s promises to Avraham possible.
Christological sources have long seen the Akeida as a prototype for their claims of a different so-called execution and resurrection. What is particularly interesting is that some midrashim describe Yitzchak’s carrying the wood as if he was bearing a cross. See Bereshit Rabbah 56:3 (and parallel sources) where the word “Zlovo” is used – the word may have the connotation of crucifix. This should come as no surprise being that the New Testament often tried to parallel biblical scenes, making extensive use of extant midrashic material.
בראשית רבה (וילנא) פרשה נו
ויקח אברהם את עצי עולה כזה שהוא טוען צלובו בכתפו,
[4] See Bereishit Rabbah 56:11, Targum pseudo Yonatan Bereishit 22:19
מדרש רבה בראשית פרשה נו פסקה יא
וישב אברהם אל נעריו ויצחק היכן הוא רבי ברכיה בשם רבנן דתמן שלחו אצל שם ללמוד ממנו תורה.
תרגום יונתן על בראשית פרק כב פסוק יט
ודברו מלאכי מרומא ית יצחק ואובלוהי לבי מדרשא דשם רבא והוה תמן תלת שנין ובההוא יומא תב אברהם לות עולמוי וקמו ואזלו כחדא לבירא דשבע ויתיב אברהם בבירא דשבע:

[5] The Netziv (Ha’amek Davar 22:19) postulates that specifically now after hearing how Avraham is being rewarded for obeying God’s command, Yitzchak decides it is time for him to learn what it is that God wants of him.
העמק דבר על בראשית פרק כב פסוק יט
וישב אברהם. ולא כתיב ויצחק. כבר ת"י שהובילו לבית מדרשו של שם ללמוד תורה. וקרוב לומר כי באשר סיים ה' עקב אשר שמעת בקולי. התבונן כי כך רצון ה' לעסוק בדברי תורה. ואע"ג שאברהם למד עמו מ"מ לענין התבוננות בד"ת טוב שיהיה משני מקומות כדאיתא בעבודת כוכבים דף י"ט א':
[6] Rashi 24:62
(סב) מבוא באר לחי ראי - שהלך להביא הגר לאברהם אביו שישאנה (ב"ר):
[7] See Bereishit 16:1 Hagar is referred to as Sarah’s servant in 16:3. A few verses later when she is presented to Avraham it is as a wife. Later (this time by the angel) she is referred to, once again, as a servant of Sarah. See Bereishit 16:8
[8] Ramban, Bereishit 24:62
רמב"ן על בראשית פרק כד פסוק סב
בא מבוא באר לחי ראי. יאמר כי יצחק בא עתה מבוא באר לחי ראי, ששב מבאר לחי שבא שמה. שאלו אמר "בא מבאר לחי ראי" היה נראה שהיה דר שם, ולכך הוצרך לפרש כי הוא שב לעירו מביאתו שבא אל באר לחי רואי לפי שעה, כי הוא יושב בארץ הנגב וחוזר לעירו:
ויתכן, בעבור היות "מבוא" מקור, שהיה יצחק הולך תמיד אל המקום ההוא, כי הוא למקום תפלה בעבור הראות שם המלאך, והוא יושב בארץ הנגב קרוב משם. וכן תרגם אונקלוס אתא ממיתוהי. ועל דעתו הוא באר שבע, שתרגם "בין קדש ובין שור" (לעיל כ א), ו"בין קדש ובין ברד" (לעיל טז י"ד), "רקם וחגרא". ואם כן המקום ההוא מקום אשל אברהם ראוי לתפלה. והנה יצחק בא מן הבאר ההיא אל עיר אחרת אשר היתה בדרך עירו, ויצא לפנות ערב לשוח בשדה עם רעיו ואוהביו אשר שם, ומצא את העבד ורבקה והלכו כלם יחדו אל עירו, ויביאה האהלה שרה אמו:
[9] The Ramban also suggests that perhaps this place is within close proximity to Avraham’s Eshel – hence Yitzchak is praying in a place that Avraham had prayed.
[10] Seforno 24:62
ספורנו עה"ת ספר בראשית פרק כד פסוק סב
(סב) בא מבא באר לחי ראי. להתפלל במקום שבו נשמעה תפלת שפחתו וקודם שהתפלל כבר נשלם ענינו בחרן וקרבה אשתו לבא על דרך טרם יקראו ואני אענה:
[11] The Kli Yakar (25:1) identifies Ketura with Hagar and says that she, too, repented and began a “new life”.
[12] The Beer Mayim Chaim says that Yishmael was sent away because he was a bad influence; he was a thief. Yet Yitzchak reaches out to him, despite his wayward behavior, because Yishmael is a monotheist.
ספר באר מים חיים פרשת וירא - פרק כא (המשך)
(כ) ויהי אלהים את הנער. פירוש שמהיום והלאה לא עבד עבודה זרה ורק אלהים היה עמו ולא עבד, ולכן אמרו (בבא בתרא ט"ז ע"ב) שעשה ישמעאל תשובה בחיי אברהם אף שרש"י ז"ל פירש באומרו להלן ויהי רובה קשת שהיה מלסטם הבריות מכל מקום עבודה זרה לא עבד והיה אלהים עמו לא אלהים אחרים, ואפשר קודם מות אברהם עשה תשובה מכל וכל והבן:
[13] See Bereishit 21:14,21
[14] Rashi Bereishit 27:27
רש"י על בראשית פרק כז פסוק כז
(כז) וירח וגו' - והלא אין ריח רע יותר משטף העזים אלא מלמד שנכנסה עמו ריח גן עדן:

[15] Rashi Bereishit 27:1
רש"י על בראשית פרק כז פסוק א
(א) ותכהין - בעשנן של אלו (שהיו מעשנות ומקטירות לע"א) ד"א כשנעקד ע"ג המזבח והיה אביו רוצה לשחטו באותה שעה נפתחו השמים וראו מלאכי השרת והיו בוכים וירדו דמעותיהם ונפלו על עיניו לפיכך כהו עיניו.
[16] According to the Zohar Bereishit 114a even God’s future laughing will be related to Yitzchak
זוהר חלק א דף קיד/א
אמר רבי יהודה, תא חזי שכך הוא, דכתיב מלך אסור ברהטים, וכתיב בתריה מה יפית ומה נעמת. ואמר רבי יהודה, באותו זמן, עתיד הקדוש ברוך הוא לשמח עולמו ולשמוח בבריותיו, שנאמר (תהלים קד לא) ישמח יהו"ה במעשיו, ואזי יהיה שחוק בעולם, מה שאין עכשיו, דכתיב (שם קכו ב) אז ימלא שחוק פינו וגו', הה"ד ותאמר שרה צחוק עשה לי אלהי"ם, שאזי עתידים בני אדם לומר שירה, שהוא עת שחוק.
[17] Meshech Chochma Bereishit 15:15
משך חכמה על בראשית פרק טו פסוק טו
תקבר בשיבה טובה - שיעשה תשובה ישמעאל בימיו, (בראשית רבה ל-ד) הנה מעשה אבות סימן לבנים (ע' סוטה לד וב"ר ע' ו) הוא רמז שבני ישמעאל באחרית הימים יתקרבו להאמת ויאמינו בד' אחד (רמב"ן פ' בראשית ב ס"פ ג) ויבדלו מהעו"ג כמוש"כ רבינו (בתשובה ע' הוצאת פריימן סימן שסד) וזה שביקש יצחק (מגלה ו סע"א) על עשו יוחן רשע (ישעיה כו,י) שגם הוא יתרחק מעו"ג באחרית הימים והי' התשובה בארץ נכוחות כו' לכן בל יראה גאות ד' ויהי' עובד עו"ג עד ביום ההוא יהי' ד' אחד כו'.

Saturday, November 8, 2008

Parshat Vayera 5769

Parshat Vayera 5769
© 2008 Rabbi Ari D. Kahn

Elevation

It is frightening: “Some time later God tested Avraham.”
It is dramatic and haunting: "Take your son, your only son, Yitzchak whom you love”
It is life - altering and chilling: “and go to the region of Moriah”
Perhaps most of all, it is confusing: “and elevate him there as an olah on one of the mountains that I will tell you."

When we consider the ‘‘Akeida we need to read the text carefully, and note what it does say, and what the text does not say. Is it our imagination or is it our faulty memory? Things we think are in the text are absent, and things we don’t remember suddenly “appear”.

Let us begin without any preconceived notions.

ספר בראשית פרק כב
(א) וַיְהִי אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וְהָאֱלֹהִים נִסָּה אֶת אַבְרָהָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אַבְרָהָם וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּנִי: (ב) וַיֹּאמֶר קַח נָא אֶת בִּנְךָ אֶת יְחִידְךָ אֲשֶׁר אָהַבְתָּ אֶת יִצְחָק וְלֶךְ לְךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ הַמֹּרִיָּה וְהַעֲלֵהוּ שָׁם לְעֹלָה עַל אַחַד הֶהָרִים אֲשֶׁר אֹמַר אֵלֶיךָ: (ג) וַיַּשְׁכֵּם אַבְרָהָם בַּבֹּקֶר וַיַּחֲבשׁ אֶת חֲמֹרוֹ וַיִּקַּח אֶת שְׁנֵי נְעָרָיו אִתּוֹ וְאֵת יִצְחָק בְּנוֹ וַיְבַקַּע עֲצֵי עֹלָה וַיָּקָם וַיֵּלֶךְ אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר לוֹ הָאֱלֹהִים:
(1) Some time later God tested Avraham. He said to him, "Avraham!" "Here I am," he replied. (2) Then God said, "Take your son, your only son, Yitzchak, whom you love, and go to the region of Moriah. Bring him up there as an olah on one of the mountains that I will tell you." (3) Early the next morning Avraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took with him two of his servants and his son Yitzchak. He cut olah wood, and he arose and set out for the place God had told him about. (Bereishit 22)

The first noteworthy term is “test”. While we have learned that Avraham was tested ten different ways, the only instance which is explicitly called a test, and the only instance in which the nature of the test is explicit, is the ‘‘Akeida. This, then is the quintessential test, the ultimate test.

When we continue to read the text we are left searching for something which is not there. In fact, nowhere in the entire set of instructions do we find the word that is most closely associated with this series of events: God never does command Avraham to bind Yitzchak or to tie his son in any way. Despite this, for all time this section is known as “the binding (‘‘Akeida) of Yitzchak”.

There is something else missing, something far more troubling: At no point in the narrative does God command Avraham to kill Yitzchak. The exact words are “v’ha’alyahu sham l’olah “elevate him there as an olah”

Rashi comments on this verse, pointing out that God never said to slaughter Yitzchak. God did not want Yitzchak’s life to be ended. He wanted Yitzchak to be “raised up”, designating him as an “olah”. Once he was uplifted, He commanded Avraham to take Yitzchak down[1].

Were we to conclude from our cursory reading that God had indeed commanded Avraham to slaughter his son, we would be justifiably disturbed: elderly, saintly, loving, kind Avraham is asked to perform a grotesque and horrifying act – to kill is own son. Clearly, the episode’s finale would allow us to modify our understanding: When God tells Avraham to take Yitzchak down from the altar, the larger ultimate message and lesson would be God’s declaration against human sacrifice.

If God never did ask for the slaughter, why did Avraham seem to think He had? What was on Avraham’s mind? Might we say that if God did not command him to slaughter Yitzchak, then Avraham should be seen as so bloodthirsty a man that he pulled a knife on his own son? Or might we say that God did command the death of Yitzchak, but subsequently He changed His mind?

We should note that, prior to the ‘Akeida, Avraham erected numerous altars, but never brought an offering upon them.

(ז) וַיֵּרָא ה’ אֶל אַבְרָם וַיֹּאמֶר לְזַרְעֲךָ אֶתֵּן אֶת הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת וַיִּבֶן שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ לה’ הַנִּרְאֶה אֵלָיו:
(7) God appeared to Avram and said, "To your offspring I will give this land." So he built an altar there to God who had appeared to him.

In these verses, Avraham receives confirmation that indeed he has found the holy place that God had spoken of. He is granted revelation, and to express his thanks he builds an altar. But quite significantly, nothing is placed upon it. In subsequent chapters Avraham builds altars on various occasions, and never puts anything on them. Instead, he “calls out to God”; he prays.

(ח) וַיַּעְתֵּק מִשָּׁם הָהָרָה מִקֶּדֶם לְבֵית אֵל וַיֵּט אָהֳלֹה בֵּית אֵל מִיָּם וְהָעַי מִקֶּדֶם וַיִּבֶן שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ לה’ וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם ה’:
(8) From there he went on toward the hills east of Bethel and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east. There he built an altar to God and called on the name of God.

ספר בראשית פרק יג
(ג) וַיֵּלֶךְ לְמַסָּעָיו מִנֶּגֶב וְעַד בֵּית אֵל עַד הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר הָיָה שָׁם אָהֳלֹה בַּתְּחִלָּה בֵּין בֵּית אֵל וּבֵין הָעָי: (ד) אֶל מְקוֹם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה שָׁם בָּרִאשֹׁנָה וַיִּקְרָא שָׁם אַבְרָם בְּשֵׁם ה’:
(3) From the Negev he went from place to place until he came to Bethel, to the place between Bethel and Ai where his tent had been earlier (4) and where he had first built an altar. There Avram called on the name of God.

If Avraham had never brought a korban (sacrifice) prior to the ‘Akeida, why would he assume that now God requires a sacrifice?

There is another, more subtle point to consider: The name of God used in the text which commands the ‘Akeida is Elokim. This name is never used in the Torah in association with sacrifices:

תלמוד בבלי מסכת מנחות דף קי/א
תַּנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן עַזַּאי, בּוֹא וּרְאֵה מַה כְּתִיב בְּפָרָשַׁת קָרְבָּנוֹת, שֶׁלֹּא נֶּאֱמַר בָּהֶם, לֹא "אֵל", וְלֹא "אֱלֹהִים", אֶלָּא "לַה'". שֶׁלֹּא לִתֵּן פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה לְבַעַל הַדִּין לַחֲלֹק.
It was taught: R. Simeon b. ‘Azzai said, ‘Come and see what is written in the chapter of the sacrifices. Neither (the names) el nor elohim are found there, but only (the Tetragramaton) ‘(YHVH)’, so as not to give sectarians any occasion to rebel. (Talmud Menachot 110a)

It is interesting that in the ‘Akeida story an offering is eventually brought – but only after an angel of God (YHVH) interceded.

In fact, Rabenu Bachya clearly states,[2] as did Rashi, that God never did ask Avraham to slaughter Yitzchak, but he buttresses his argument with a subtle grammatical point. Had Yitzchak been meant to be an actual offering, the text should have read “haleyhu olah,” but instead it says l’olah, which is understood -“as on olah” or “instead of an olah”.[3] Had God in fact commanded Avraham to sacrifice Yitzchak, it is theologically impossibility that He “changed His mind”. Rabenu Bachya therefore draws the conclusion that Avraham, motivated by love of God, goes farther than God’s command, and is prepared to slaughter Yitzchak.[4]



The next term which catches our attention is “lech l’cha”, translated as “go – for you” or “go for your sake”. This is not the first usage of this phrase. These, in fact, are very likely the first words God says to Avraham.

ספר בראשית פרק יב
(א) וַיֹּאמֶר ה’ אֶל אַבְרָם לֶךְ לְךָ מֵאַרְצְךָ וּמִמּוֹלַדְתְּךָ וּמִבֵּית אָבִיךָ אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַרְאֶךָּ:
(ד) וַיֵּלֶךְ אַבְרָם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֵלָיו ה’ וַיֵּלֶךְ אִתּוֹ לוֹט וְאַבְרָם בֶּן חָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים וְשִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה בְּצֵאתוֹ מֵחָרָן:
(1) God said to Avram, "Leave your country, your birthplace and your father's household and go to the land I will show you.
(4) So Avram left, as God had told him; and Lot went with him. Avram was seventy-five years old when he set out from Charan. Bereishit 12

We should therefore expect that there be some connection –or contrast –between the two uses of the phrase “lech l’cha”. There should be something about this new mission which should echo the previous mission. In both instances the precise location is withheld and an element of faith or trust is needed. In both cases there is a clear commandment to do something, but in both cases there is something lacking regarding knowledge of the implementation.

We should also note Avraham’s zeal: Avraham does not merely accept the mission, he wakes up early in the morning and busies himself with his task with purposefulness. This is one of three instances where it is recorded that Avraham rises early.[5] His faith and his enthusiasm combine to push Avraham forward, to single-mindedly fulfill his mandate. It may be somewhat surprising that in the case of the other lech l’cha, when God’s first communication with Avraham is recorded, we have no reason to believe that Avraham set off immediately to fulfill God’s command. The text does not say that Avraham arose early the next morning and set off on his journey. In fact, the only information we have is that Avraham was seventy five years old when he set out. How old was he when God commanded “lech l’cha” ?

There is no clear answer to this question, but the text offers us ancillary information as clues to constructing a time-line. When God tells Avraham "Leave your country, your birthplace and your father's household,” we understand “father’s household” and perhaps “country” but “birthplace” is perplexing: Avraham was born in Ur Kasdim, but left his birthplace when he followed his father Terah on an aborted mission to the land of Cannan – which only took Avraham as far as Charan.

(לא) וַיִּקַּח תֶּרַח אֶת אַבְרָם בְּנוֹ וְאֶת לוֹט בֶּן הָרָן בֶּן בְּנוֹ וְאֵת שָׂרַי כַּלָּתוֹ אֵשֶׁת אַבְרָם בְּנוֹ וַיֵּצְאוּ אִתָּם מֵאוּר כַּשְׂדִּים לָלֶכֶת אַרְצָה כְּנַעַן וַיָּבֹאוּ עַד חָרָן וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם:(לב) וַיִּהְיוּ יְמֵי תֶרַח חָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים וּמָאתַיִם שָׁנָה וַיָּמָת תֶּרַח בְּחָרָן: ספר בראשית פרק יא

(31) Terah took his son Avram, his grandson Lot son of Haran, and his daughter-in-law Sarai, the wife of his son Avram, and together they set out from Ur of the Chaldeans to go to Canaan. They came to Charan and they settled there. (32) Terah lived 205 years, and he died in Charan. (Bereishit 11: 27-32)

It seems unequivocal that Avraham was born in Ur Kasdim[6], and that Terah took him and other family members away from there, and the family settled in Charan. We are mystified as to why idolatrous Terah was on his way to Canaan – Israel. The Ramban[7] offers a partial solution when he notes that the text is inverted: The natural order would be to leave the most immediate context, his father’s household, followed by the larger circle, his birthplace or home town, and then the larger and less personal context of country. The Ramban posits that the verse is written in the inverse order, for Avraham had in act already left his country and birthplace, along with his father and the other family members who joined this entourage, and God’s commandment at this juncture is to “finish the job” and leave his father’s sphere of influence as well. While this solution does explain the peculiarity in the syntax, we are left none the wiser as to Terah’s motivation to travel to Canaan[8].

Later in the text, we become even more confused:
ספר בראשית פרק טו
(ז) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי ה’ אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִיךָ מֵאוּר כַּשְׂדִּים לָתֶת לְךָ אֶת הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת לְרִשְׁתָּהּ:
(7) He said to him, "I am God who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to take possession of it."

Who took Avraham out of Ur Kasdim? Was it Terah, or was it God?[9] Whose idea was this, Avraham’s, Terah’s, or God’s? We don’t know why Terah was on the way to Canaan, which is part of the reason we don’t know when God spoke to Avraham and told him “lech l’cha”.

The Ibn Ezra[10] suggests that the command of “lech l’cha” was given while Avraham was still in Ur Kasdim, which means that while we don’t have a clear time line, at least in this instance Avraham did not get up early the next morning and immediately obey the Divine imperative. But now we understand why God asks Avraham to leave his country and birthplace – he was still there. This reading of the text leads to the conclusion that God “gets the credit” for taking Avraham out of Ur Kasdim, and Terah was a facilitator of God’s will. We thus vey neatly reconcile the syntax of the verses, the timeline issues and the question of motive, but we create a different problem: If God spoke to Avraham and commanded him to go to Canaan at that juncture, why did he need Terah to help him out?

Let us re-frame the issue of the sequence of events. How old was Avraham when God spoke with him the first time, commanding him to leave his entire past behind and journey to an unnamed destination? A cursory reading of the text reveals that “lech l’cha” is the first recorded communication, and Avraham was seventy five years old when he left on this journey. “Lech l’cha” is not fixed anywhere on the timeline of Avraham’s life. While various rabbinic opinions mark off significant stages in Avraham’s religious development, with benchmarks at three years of age, forty-eight, and again at fifty-two[11] years of age, we do not know at what point in Avraham’s life he receives his first revelation, when God first confirms for Avraham his beliefs and convictions.

Rashi raises the possibility that there was a direct communication from God before “lech l’cha”. When God tells Avraham about the slavery of the Jews He speaks of 400 years.

ספר בראשית פרק טו
(יג) וַיֹּאמֶר לְאַבְרָם יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה:
Then God said to him, "Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years.

According to accepted Rabbinic chronology, the Jews were in Egypt for 210 years. Commentators who explain God’s reference to 400 years of slavery point back to the birth of Yitzchak: As any parent knows, this is where the worrying begins. When Avraham and Sarah have a child, they begin to view the world from a new perspective, considering the larger context. From this point Avraham and Sara begin worrying about their descendants. They have a child, the subject and the vehicle for their angst.

To make matters more interesting, another set of figures is thrown into the mix when the story of the Exodus from Egypt is told:

ספר שמות פרק יב
(מא) וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה וַיְהִי בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יָצְאוּ כָּל צִבְאוֹת ה' מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם:
At the end of the 430 years, to the very day, all God’s divisions left Egypt. (Shmot 12:41)

We see that 210 years of slavery[12] become 400 of emotional distress, when counted from the birth of Yitzchak. But how do the 400 years become 430? Where are the extra 30 years from? Rashi[13] explains that while we count the four hundred years from the birth of Yitzchak, 30 years prior to that is when God spoke to Avraham at the “Brit bein hab’tarim ” the covenant of the splitting in two[14]. We know that Avraham was 100 years of age when Yitzchak was born, which would mean that he was 70 years old when he had this epiphany– five years prior to his arrival in the land of Canaan, and therefore prior to “lech l’cha”.

Rashi’s reading of the text is based on a book of Biblical chronology called Seder Olam Rabbah, a comprehensive, over-arching time-line drawn from biblical narrative and midrashic traditions. One of the most dramatic episodes in Avraham’s life is when he is thrown into the furnace, an episode embedded in our collective memory, recorded in midrashic and Talmudic sources but absent from the biblical text in any explicit way. However, the furnace episode may be subliminally encoded in the biblical text, within the name of Avraham’s place of birth, Ur Kasdim. What was this place and why was it so named? The Targum (pseudo) Yonatan[15] translates Ur Kasdim as “the furnace of fire in Kasdim.” Thus, when God speaks to Avraham at the Brit bein hab’tarim and says “"I am God, who brought you out of Ur Kasdim,” what God is really saying is “I am the One who saved you from the fiery furnace.” This reading forces us to conclude that “lech l’cha” preceded the Brit bein ha’btarim.

According to the Seder Olam Rabbah, Avraham was at the tower of Bavel and was forty eight years old at the time. The Torah tells us of the use of furnaces to forge the bricks used to build the tower, [16] and it is into one of these furnaces that the nefarious Nimrod throws Avraham, who has rejected the idolatrous overtones of Nimrod’s rule. It is from that furnace that Avraham is saved.

Nimrod and his followers become known as the “Generation of the Dispersion.” Can Terah’s sudden departure for Canaan be understood in this context? Did he quit Ur Kasdim out of a nascent sense of Zionism, or was his move part of the general atmosphere in that generation? Did Terah, like others of his time, get some sort of Divine inspiration that told him it was time to move on, or did he recognize and seek out some inherent spirituality in Canaan?

The Netz”iv concurs with Rashi and follows the same chronology, positing that the Brit bein hab’tarim transpired when Avraham was seventy years old. The Netz”iv then proceeds to describe the Brit bein hab’tarim as more of a dreamlike experience, an “awakening” or “enlightenment”, rather than a full-fledged prophetic experience.[17] God whispered into Avraham’s heart and told him that he should leave Ur Kasdim and head to Israel. Perhaps Avraham was not the only one to receive such an “awakening”; perhaps Terah did as well.

The Ramban’s line of thought is of a similar vein:[18] Avraham built an altar upon arriving in Israel, because only then did he receive actual prophecy, as opposed to the dreams, or Ruach Hakodesh he had experienced up to that point. The Kli Yakar[19] reminds us of the more general principle that outside the Land of Israel prophecy may be all but impossible.

We have seen, then, that according to both the Ramban and the Netz”iv “lech l’cha” was not a clear prophetic command but rather a “feeling”, even an intuition. This would explain why Avraham did not “pick up and go” early the next morning. Terah’s journey may also be the result of a similar awakening. We might even dare to say that God spreads this type of feeling among all of humanity, but only Avraham was willing to take up the challenge. This is reminiscent of the midrashic[20] insight regarding receiving the Torah: God called out to many nations but only the Jews accepted the Torah.

Terah never completes the journey. Though he and Avraham ostensibly travel the same path, we do not find a description similar to the relationship between father and son that characterizes the ‘‘Akeida, “and the two of them went together”. Instead, we get the feeling that Avraham and Terah took the same trip – separately, as opposed to Avraham and Yitzchak travelling together on the way to the ‘Akeida.

ספר בראשית פרק כב
(ו) … וַיֵּלְכוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחְדָּו:(ז) וַיֹּאמֶר יִצְחָק אֶל אַבְרָהָם אָבִיו וַיֹּאמֶר אָבִי וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֶּנִּי בְנִי וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה הָאֵשׁ וְהָעֵצִים וְאַיֵּה הַשֶּׂה לְעֹלָה:(ח) וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהִים יִרְאֶה לּוֹ הַשֶּׂה לְעֹלָה בְּנִי וַיֵּלְכוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחְדָּו:

(6 )… the two of them went on together. 7 Yitzchak spoke up and said to his father Avraham, "Father?" "Here I am, my son" Avraham replied. "The fire and wood are here," Yitzchak said, "but where is the lamb for the olah?"
8 Avraham answered, "God will provide the lamb for the olah, my son." And the two of them went on together. (Bereshit 22:6-8)

They walk together, two people on one mission. If there is a binding, it is between Avraham and Yitzchak. With the words “ha’aleyhu sham l’olah” Avraham is commanded to elevate his son. The two will be joined, unlike Avraham and Terah.

Avraham receives the awakening, accepts the challenge, leaves his homeland and sets off on his way, destination unknown. The Ramban[21] notes that Avraham travels from place to place waiting for the right feeling, for confirmation from God that he has arrived at the intended place. He doesn’t build an altar until he arrives in Israel. Now he knows and feels that he has found the place of holiness. He can build an altar, but he doesn’t feel as of yet that it is the right place to put an offering on the altar; he continues his quest.[22] He has found a holy place – but it is not quite holy enough. He receives prophesy, revelation, but the places he has found are not quite holy enough for an offering. Finally, God tells him of a place that he can bring an olah. We know the name and location of that place: Har HaMoriah, the place that one day would be called Jerusalem. Now, marching together with his son, Avraham knows he has found the right place - and so does Yitzchak. They march together, father and son. Overwhelmed by the holiness, both father and son know that this is a place where one can be completely consumed by God. And instead of simple physical elevation - of lifting Yitzchak on top of a glorious mountain and having Yitzchak join him in the covenant that he has with God, Avraham seeks complete, permanent elevation. He thinks this is the place for a sacrifice. Indeed, he is correct: The offering would soon be revealed, and the place they found would one day be the Beit Hamikdash, where so many offerings would be brought, and elevation achieved on a grand scale for all of Avraham’s descendents.

The Shla Hakadosh suggests that in fact Avraham found the holiest place, the inner sanctum, the Kodesh Hakdoshim, citing the Midrashic tradition that the voice that calls out to Avraham comes from between the two Keruvim. Such a voice, says the Shla, could only be heard in the Kodesh Hakdoshim. There, deep in the holiest place, no sacrifices are offered, only incense. The command Avraham received was, in actuality, to enter the Kodesh Hakdoshim, to assume the role of Kohen Gadol (High Priest) and to pass it on to Yitzchak.[23] The ‘Akeida thus unlocks for us an understanding of the core of the Beit Hamikdash: Har HaMoriah is named for mor, one of the spices used to make the incense offering brought in the Kodesh Hakdoshim. The very core of the Beit HaMikdash, of Har HaMoriah, of the Kodesh Hakdoshim itself, is incense and not sacrifice. This is the core of the ‘Akeida as well.[24]

So much for the message of the ‘Akeida. But what of the test? If this was to be a test of Avraham and Yitzchak’s relationship with one another, or of their relationship with God, they clearly passed with flying colors: Would the two walk together, clinging to one another and clinging to their faith in God? Yes. But their love of God pushed them beyond the actual command of God: If the commandment was to elevate Yitzchak, then Avraham certainly succeeded. God did not require Avraham to elevate Yitzchak in a traumatic manner. Perhaps Avraham, who entered Nimrod’s fiery furnace because of his love of God, did not find it strange that at times God may require such heroic action. But Avraham should have paid closer attention to God’s words: “I am the one who took you out of the furnace”. God did not ask Avraham to sacrifice himself in this way. On the other hand, Avraham, who almost met his death in the furnace, knew of God’s miracles and His salvation, knew that somehow Yitzchak, too, would survive. In the end, he was not wrong.

After the ‘Akeida, Avraham and Yitzchak had even more in common than before: Both were willing to give up their lives for their love of God. They were both almost burnt offerings, and they were both elevated by that experience. Most importantly, they walked together.
[1] Rashi Bereishit 22:2
רש"י על בראשית פרק כב פסוק ב
והעלהו - לא אמר לו שחטהו לפי שלא היה חפץ הקב"ה לשחטו אלא להעלהו להר לעשותו עולה ומשהעלהו אמר לו הורידהו:

[2] The Tosafists make the same observation in their comments on Bereishit 22:2:
פירוש בעלי התוספות על בראשית פרק כב פסוק ב
והעלהו שם לעולה. אבל לא אמר ושחטהו שלא נתכוון המקום אלא לעלייה בלבד:

[3] Rabenu Bachya Berishit 22:2
רבינו בחיי על בראשית פרק כב פסוק ב
והעלהו שם לעולה – היה ראוי שיאמר והעלהו שם עולה. אבל על דרך הפשט הלמ"ד הזאת באורה במקום כלומר שתעלה אותו שם במקום עולה. וכמוהו (בראשית ו) הלבנה לאבן במקום אבן. שאם תפרש לעולה עולה ממש איך יצוה הקב"ה ואח"כ יחזור מצוויו. ואברהם מתוך תוקף האהבה הבין עולה ממש והקב"ה שבא לנסות לא כוון אלא במקום עולה.
[4] Shla Hakodesh Vayera Torah Ohr 4
ספר השל"ה הקדוש – ספר בראשית – פרשת וירא תורה אור (ד)
זה היה ענין קטרוג של שטן שבכל סעודה שעשה ליצחק לא הקריב קרבן, ואף בסעודה שעשה בעת בשורת יצחק שהיה כקרבן לא הקריב לפניך, אף שהקריב לשם המיוחד היה לו להיות לפניך בלי אמצעית מלאך. והשיב לו הקב"ה כבר הקריב לפני, כי ענין המילה היא קרבן, הן המילה שמל את יצחק בנו הן המילה שמל אברהם את עצמו, וקיים אדם כי יקריב, כי הקריב את עצמו. ורמז לדבר בפרשת לך לך ואברהם הקריב (בראשית יב, יא) נתקיים אחר כך ואברהם הקריב את עצמו, וכבר נודע כי המילה היא קרבן. ואמר הקב"ה להשטן כדרך שהשיב יצחק לישמעאל שהתפאר נגד יצחק על שלא עיכב למול את עצמו, באבר אחד אתה מייראני, אילו אמר ליה הקב"ה זבח עצמך וכו'. ואחר הדברים האלה והאלהים נסה את אברהם, פירוש אחר דבריו של ישמעאל ואחר דבריו של שטן, כי כל הפירושים הם אמת, ואלו ואלו דברי אלהים חיים כאשר יתבאר:

[5] The first recorded instance of Avraham getting up early is Bereishit 19:27,28, when Avraham arises and witnesses the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah go up in smoke. The next instance is Bereishit 21:14 when Yishmael will be sent away.
ספר בראשית פרק יט
(כז) וַיַּשְׁכֵּם אַבְרָהָם בַּבֹּקֶר אֶל הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר עָמַד שָׁם אֶת פְּנֵי ה’: (כח) וַיַּשְׁקֵף עַל פְּנֵי סְדֹם וַעֲמֹרָה וְעַל כָּל פְּנֵי אֶרֶץ הַכִּכָּר וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה עָלָה קִיטֹר הָאָרֶץ כְּקִיטֹר הַכִּבְשָׁן:
27 Early the next morning Abraham got up and returned to the place where he had stood before the LORD. 28 He looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah, toward all the land of the plain, and he saw dense smoke rising from the land, like smoke from a furnace.

[6] There are those who do debate this point – see the comments of the Raman.
[7] The Ramban proposes that Avraham was born in Charan; that was his birthplace, and he had subsequently travelled to Ur Kasdim (comments on Bereishit 12:1).
[8] In a separate comment the Ramban states that the journey from Ur Kasdim to Canaan was Avraham’s idea, not Terach’s. See Ramban 11:31. Also note as stated above the Ramban has different theory regarding the birthplace of Avraham.
רמב"ן על בראשית פרק יא פסוק לא
(לא) ויצאו אתם מאור כשדים בעבור כי אברם נכבד מאביו, וההולכים בעצתו ובעבורו ילכו, אמר הכתוב ויצאו אתם ואף על פי שאמר "ויקח תרח", אבל לוט ושרי בעבור אברם הלכו אתם, כי גם אחרי שנפרד אברם מאביו הלכו אתו:
[9] The Netziv makes a suggestion that Terach was travelling at Avraham’s request, but Avraham was a luftmensch – his head was in the clouds – and therefore Terach “drove” so as not to disturb Avraham’s meditations about God. While this presents an idyllic description of the Avraham Terech relationship, such a description is not really supported by the text, especially regarding the crucial point was Avraham leading or did Terach take Avraham.
העמק דבר על בראשית פרק יא פסוק לא
(לא) ויקח תרח את אברם בנו וגו' ללכת ארצה כנען. אע"ג שלא הי' עוד מאמר ה' לא"א. מכ"מ כבר הי' הערה מן השמים וראה מרחוק קדושת הארץ וכמש" להלן ט"ו ז' והא דכתיב ויקח תרח וגו' אע"ג דעיקר רצון אותה יציאה הי' אברם ובעצתו מכ"מ כיון שיה' אברם שקוע ברעיונות אלקיות או חכמות ולא יכול להנהיג נסיעה הוא וביתו ע"כ נמסר הנסיעה לאביו והוא לקח את אברם וכל הכבודה על ידו:

[10] Ibn Ezra 12:1
אבן עזרא על בראשית פרק יב פסוק א
השם צוה לאברהם ועודנו באור כשדים שיעזוב ארצו ומקום מולדתו גם בית אביו. והטעם שידע השם שתרח אחר שיצא ללכת אל ארץ כנען ישב בחרן. ותרח לא מת עד אחר ששים שנה שיצא אברהם מבית אביו מחרן רק הכתוב לא פירש שניו בצאתו מאור כשדים.ואחר שאמר אשר אראך – גלה לו הסוד כי כן כתוב ויצאו ללכת ארצה כנען. או יהיה טעם אראך הוא שאמר לו כי את כל הארץ אשר אתה רואה לך אתננה:

[11] See below for the significance of some of these junctures on the timeline, and the seminal events that are linked to them.
[12] According to Rabbinic tradition, of the 210 years in Egypt only 86 were years of actual slavery.
[13] Rashi’s source is a braita in Seder Olam Rabah, the definitive book on biblical chronology, Chapter 1.

ברייתא דסדר עולם רבה פרק א
אברהם אבינו הי' בשעה שנדבר עמו בין הבתרים בן ע' שנה שנאמר (שמות י"ב מ"א) ויהי מקץ שלשים שנה וארבע מאות שנה וגו'. לאחר שנדבר עמו ירד לחרן ועשה שם חמש שנים שנאמר (בראשית י"ב ד') ואברהם בן חמש שנים ושבעים שנה בצאתו מחרן
[14] We should note that here Avraham does kill animals, at God’s request. (Bereishit 15:9,10) However subsequent to this covenant all the altars that Avraham builds remain empty - devoid of flesh and blood – until the Akaida.

[15] Berieshit 15:7.
יונתן בראשית פרק טו פסוק ז
ז וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ אֲנָא יְיָ דְאַפֵיקְתָּךְ מֵאַתּוּן נוּרָא דְכַשְׂדָאֵי לְמִתַּן לָךְ יַת אַרְעָא הֲדָא לְמֵירְתָהּ:
כתר יונתן בראשית פרק טו פסוק ז
ז ויאמר לו אני יי שהוצאתיך מכבשן האש של כשדים לתת לך את הארץ הזאת לרִשׁתה:
Also see the comments of the Rosh on the Torah and the Ketab VKabbala.
הכתב והקבלה על בראשית פרק טו פסוק ז
מאור כשדים. היותר נכון מ"ש הרא"ש שאין המקום נקרא אור כשדים, אבל פי' אש כשדים, כמו שלישית באור תבעיר (יחזקאל) וכן אור לו בציון ותנור (ישעיה), ואמר קרא וימת הרן באור כשדים כלומר מת בעיר מולדתו ארם נהרים ע"י האש ששרפוהו הכשדים, וכמו שספרו לנו רבותינו (ערש"י).
[16] Bereishit 11:3
בראשית פרק יא
ג) וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל רֵעֵהוּ הָבָה נִלְבְּנָה לְבֵנִים וְנִשְׂרְפָה לִשְׂרֵפָה וַתְּהִי לָהֶם הַלְּבֵנָה לְאָבֶן וְהַחֵמָר הָיָה לָהֶם לַחֹמֶר:
3 They said to each other, "Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly." They used brick instead of stone, and clay for mortar.
[17] Ha’amek Davar Bereishit 15:7
העמק דבר על בראשית פרק טו פסוק ז
(ז) ויאמר אליו. רש"י בפ' בא כ' דברית בה"ב נאמר שלשים שנה קודם שנולד יצחק ומיישב בזה הכתוב ומושב ב"י אשר ישבו במצרים שלשים שנה וארבע מאות שנה. … ונ"ל שגם בסדר עולם אין הכוונה שהי' הדבור כמשמעו אלא בהיותו בן שבעים שנה הי' לו הערה וקול דודו ית' דופק על לבו לצאת מאור כשדים ומשם לא"י. והערה זו מפורש בישעיה מ"א מי העיר ממזרח וגו' ומשום שאז עלה ברצון כל ענין בה"ב. אבל לא הי' שום דבור מפורש עד שהגיע לבן חמש ושבעים והגיע דבור הראשון לזרעך אתן את הארץ הזאת. ובמלחמת המלכים בא דבור של הקב"ה בשלימות בשעה שעלה במחשבת א"א שהוא צדקה בלי טעם.
[18] See Ramban Bereishit 12:7
רמב"ן על בראשית פרק יב פסוק ז
וטעם לה' הנראה אליו, כי הודה לשם הנכבד וזבח לו זבח תודה על שנראה אליו, כי עד הנה לא נראה אליו השם ולא נתודע אליו במראה ולא במחזה, אבל נאמר לו "לך לך מארצך" בחלום הלילה או ברוח הקדש
[19] Kli Yakar Bereishit 12:7, the Netziv concurs.
כלי יקר על בראשית פרק יב פסוק ז
וירא ה' אל אברם. מה שלא נראה אליו ה' מיד כשאמר לו לך לך מארצך, לפי שאז היה עדיין בחו"ל כדעת הראב"ע ובחו"ל אין שכינתו ית' נגלה וראיה מיונה, (מכילתא בא יב ד) וא"כ לא נראה אליו שם ה' במראה כי אם קול דברים לבד היה שומע וע"כ לא בנה שם מזבח, רק לה' הנראה אליו. אבל בעוד שלא היה נראה אליו לא רצה לבנות מזבח במקום שאין השכינה שורה. וזה"ש במשה (שמות ד א) כי יאמרו לא נראה אליך ה'. כי אין דרכו להתראות בחו"ל ובזה יכחישו לומר שגם קול לא שמעת:
[20] Sifri 343.
[21] Ramban Bereishit 12:1
[22] See comments of the Meshech Chochma to Bereishit 12:1 (which is the first Lech L’cha) that Avraham’s entire sojourn in Israel was in search of Holiness and the right place for serving God.
משך חכמה על בראשית פרק יב פסוק א
אל הארץ אשר אראך – יתכן לפרש כי צווהו לילך לארץ מקום המיועד לעבודה ולקרבנות ששם הקריבו אדה"ר ונח קרבנותיהם ושם יפרסם אלקות ויקדש שמו בשחוט בנו ויראה את הכחות הטמונים בסתר לבבו אשר מצא נאמן לפניו (נחמיה ט, ח) וזה שאמר אראך פועל יוצא שיראה את הטמון בלב אברהם לאחרים וכמו שאמר המלאך (בראשית כב, יב) כי עתה ידעתי כו' והנה לפ"ז אברהם יתראה ויהיה הנראה לאחרים ודו"ק.
[23] Shla Hakosesh Vayera Torah Ohr 4
ספר השל"ה הקדוש – ספר בראשית – פרשת וירא תורה אור (ד)
וכולהו נתקיימו בעקידת יצחק, כי אברהם עקדו וקשרו גם שם אותו לעולה בהר המוריה. ואפשר שהמזבח אשר בנה אברהם אבינו בהר המוריה היה במקום מזבח הפנימי שמקטירין הקטורת, כי הקטורת חביב מכל הקרבנות שבעולם, ולא היה קרבן חביב בעולם כיצחק עולה תמימה. וכן משמע קצת במדרש (פרקי דר"א לא) שאמר ויקרא אליו מלאך ה' מן השמים, מבין שני הכרובים יצא הקול. הרי שענין העקידה היה הכל במקום המקודש ביותר, שקרא אליו המלאך ממקום קדשי קדשים, ממילא מסתבר שנעקד על גבי מזבח הפנימי. וכן מצינו כשהוקם המשכן היה הקול נפסק ולא יצא מחוץ לאהל מועד, וזהו ענין שנקרא הר המוריה על שם הקטורת כי שם נעקד יצחק.

[24] Rashi Berishit 22:2
רש"י על בראשית פרק כב פסוק ב
בהר המוריה. ורבותינו פירשו על שם שמשם הוראה יוצאה לישראל. ואונקלוס תרגמו על שם עבודת הקטורת שיש בו מור נרד ושאר בשמים: